Association between parity and pregnancy-associated tumor features in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Abstract

Purpose High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the most common ovarian cancer subtype. Parity is an important risk-reducing factor, but the underlying mechanism behind the protective effect is unclear. Our aim was to study if the expression of hormones and proteins involved in pregnancy were affected by the woman’s parity status, and if they may be associated with tumor stage and survival. Methods We evaluated expression of progesterone receptor (PR), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), relaxin-2, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) in tumor tissue from 92 women with HGSC parous (n = 73) and nulliparous (n = 19). Key findings were then evaluated in an independent expansion cohort of 49 patients. Survival rates by hormone/protein expression were illustrated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The independent prognostic value was tested by Cox regression, using models adjusted for established poor-prognostic factors (age at diagnosis, FIGO stage, type of surgery, and macroscopic residual tumor after surgery). Results HGSC tumors from parous women were PR positive (≥ 1% PR expression in tumor cells) more often than tumors from nulliparous women (42% vs. 16%; p-value 0.04), and having more children was associated with developing PR positive tumors [i.e., ≥ 3 children versus nulliparity, adjusted for age at diagnosis and stage: OR 4.31 (95% CI 1.12–19.69)]. A similar result was seen in the expansion cohort. Parity status had no impact on expression of PGRMC1, relaxin-2 and TGFβ1. No associations were seen with tumor stage or survival. Conclusion Tumors from parous women with HGSC expressed PR more often than tumors from nulliparous women, indicating that pregnancies might possibly have a long-lasting impact on ovarian cancer development.