Machine-learning modeL based on computed tomography body composition analysis for the estimation of resting energy expenditure: A pilot study

Abstract

Background & aims The assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) is a challenging task with the current existing methods. The reference method, indirect calorimetry (IC), is not widely available, and other surrogates, such as equations and bioimpedance (BIA) show poor agreement with IC. Body composition (BC), in particular muscle mass, plays an important role in REE. In recent years, computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a reliable tool for BC assessment, but its usefulness for the REE evaluation has not been examined. In the present study we have explored the usefulness of CT-scan imaging to assess the REE using AI machine-learning models. Methods Single-centre observational cross-sectional pilot study from January to June 2022, including 90 fasting, clinically stable adults (≥18 years) with no contraindications for indirect calorimetry (IC), bioimpedance (BIA), or abdominal CT-scan. REE was measured using classical predictive equations, IC, BIA and skeletal CT-scan. The proposed model was based on a second-order linear regression with different input parameters, and the output corresponds to the estimated REE. The model was trained and tested using a cross-validation one-vs-all strategy including subjects with different characteristics. Results Data from 90 subjects were included in the final analysis. Bland–Altman plots showed that the CT-based estimation model had a mean bias of 0 kcal/day (LoA: −508.4 to 508.4) compared with IC, indicating better agreement than most predictive equations and similar agreement to BIA (bias 53.4 kcal/day, LoA: −475.7 to 582.4). Surprisingly, gender and BMI, ones of the mains variables included in all the BIA algorithms and mathematical equations were not relevant variables for REE calculated by means of AI coupled to skeletal CT scan. These findings were consistent with the results of other performance metrics, including mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), which also favored the CT-based method over conventional equations. Conclusions Our results suggest that the analysis of a CT-scan image by means of machine learning model is a reliable tool for the REE estimation. These findings have the potential to significantly change the paradigm and guidelines for nutritional assessment.