Utility of the ELISpot Test to Predict the Risk of Developing BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Recipients, a Multicenter Study

Abstract

Background: BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) reactivation is a common complication after kidney transplantation and may result in nephropathy and graft loss. As there is no effective antiviral therapy, management focuses on early detection and reduction of immunosuppression, which increases the risk of rejection. Identifying patients at higher risk remains challenging. Monitoring BKPyV-specific T-cell responses could aid in predicting reactivation. This study evaluated the usefulness of ELISpot to monitor BKPyV-specific cellular immunity before and after kidney transplantation. Methods: A prospective multicenter study was conducted between October 2020 and March 2022. ELISpot assays were performed prior to transplantation and two months afterward. Results: Seventy-two patients were included, with a median age of 56 years; 61% were men, and 24% had undergone previous transplantation. Nine patients developed presumptive BKPyV-nephropathy. No significant differences were found in donor type, induction therapy, or rejection rates between patients with or without nephropathy (p = 0.38). Based on ELISpot results, patients were classified into three groups according to their risk of BKPyV-nephropathy. The high-risk group included those who changed from positive to negative at 2 months post-transplant, representing 40% of presumptive BKPyV-nephropathy cases. Patients who remained negative at 2 months were classified as moderate risk (14.5%), while those with a positive ELISpot at 2 months comprised the low-risk group (0%). In the logistic regression analysis, both the ELISpot risk category [OR 19 (CI 1.7–2.08)] and the use of mTOR inhibitors from the start of transplantation [OR 0.02 (CI 0.01–0.46)] were significantly associated with BKPyV-nephropathy. Conclusions: Monitoring BKPyV-specific T cells with ELISpot before and after kidney transplantation may help stratify patients by risk of reactivation. Loss of BKPyV immunity at two months is associated with nephropathy, while mTOR-based immunosuppression appears protective. This strategy could guide personalized immunosuppression and surveillance.