Gender analysis of the frequency and course of depressive disorders and relationship with personality traits in general population: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background: We aimed to determine the prevalence and course of subthreshold depressive symptomatology (sDS) and probable major depressive episode (MDE) and to examine their association with personality traits among men and women. Methods: A community-based sample aged 35 years or older was examined in two waves (median follow-up of 6.9 years). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess sDS and MDE. The 10-item version of the Big Five Inventory was used to assess personality traits. Prevalence was assessed at baseline (n=5,557) and incidence and persistence-recurrence rates were computed at follow up (n=3,102). Logistic regression models were adjusted to explore the association of personality traits with prevalence and course of depressive disorders. Results: The prevalence of sDS and MDE was 14.04% (95% CI = 17.04-19.08) and 8.54 (95% CI=7.82-9.31), the incidence was 14.30 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI=12.49-16.31) and 4.34 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI=3.46-5.36), and the persistence-recurrence was 35.04 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI=29.00-41.96) and 28.8 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI=20.49-38.14). The gender gap was higher for MDE. Personality traits were differentially associated with the prevalence and course of depressive disorders between men and women. Limitations: Because this study used questionnaires to assess depressive disorders and personality traits, information bias could not be ruled out. Conclusions: The gender gap was higher for the prevalence and course of the probable MDE. There were more personality traits related with the course of the sDS and they had a major role in the course of the probable MDE in women.