HIV Stigma and Discrimination in Colombian Healthcare: Insights from a National Cross-Sectional Analysis of General Practitioners

Abstract

Background/Objectives: HIV-related stigma and fear among healthcare professionals represent significant barriers to effective patient care, contributing to delayed diagnosis and suboptimal treatment for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Although these issues have been studied in various settings, there is a lack of evidence on how they manifest among general practitionersin Colombia-a key group in the healthcare system. This study investigated the prevalence of stigma and fear among Colombian general practitioners and identified associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between February and May 2024, using a self-administered online survey targeting general practitioners. A validated 28-question instrument adapted from the Health Policy Project assessed fear, stigma, and related factors. Results: Among 579 participants, 68.6% exhibited low fear levels; however, specific clinical tasks, such as taking blood samples, elicited greater concern. Stigmatizing beliefs-such as associating HIV with irresponsible behavior-were reported by 25% of participants. Prior training in HIV care was inversely associated with stigma (OR = 0.681; 95% CI: 0.489-0.949), while older age and heterosexual orientation correlated with higher stigma levels. Conclusions: Despite generally low levels of fear and stigma, gaps in HIV-related training among physicians highlight the need for targeted educational initiatives. Promoting comprehensive HIV education in medical curricula and continuing professional development can reduce stigma, enhance confidence in care, and foster a more inclusive healthcare environment.