Genetic Architecture of Ischaemic Strokes after COVID-19 Shows Similarities with Large Vessel Strokes

Abstract

We aimed to analyse whether patients with ischaemic stroke (IS) occurring within eight days after the onset of COVID-19 (IS-COV) are associated with a specific aetiology of IS. We used SUPERGNOVA to identify genome regions that correlate between the IS-COV cohort (73 IS-COV cases vs. 701 population controls) and different aetiological subtypes. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for each subtype were generated and tested in the IS-COV cohort using PRSice-2 and PLINK to find genetic associations. Both analyses used the IS-COV cohort and GWAS from MEGASTROKE (67,162 stroke patients vs. 454,450 population controls), GIGASTROKE (110,182 vs. 1,503,898), and the NINDS Stroke Genetics Network (16,851 vs. 32,473). Three genomic regions were associated (p-value < 0.05) with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and cardioembolic stroke (CES). We found four loci targeting the genes PITX2 (rs10033464, IS-COV beta = 0.04, p-value = 2.3 × 10−2, se = 0.02), previously associated with CES, HS6ST1 (rs4662630, IS-COV beta = −0.04, p-value = 1.3 × 10−3, se = 0.01), TMEM132E (rs12941838 IS-COV beta = 0.05, p-value = 3.6 × 10−4, se = 0.01), and RFFL (rs797989 IS-COV beta = 0.03, p-value = 1.0 × 10−2, se = 0.01). A statistically significant PRS was observed for LAA. Our results suggest that IS-COV cases are genetically similar to LAA and CES subtypes. Larger cohorts are needed to assess if the genetic factors in IS-COV cases are shared with the general population or specific to viral infection.